Iowa, US

Cloud Carbon Footprint is a free and open-source emissions measurement and analysis tool. It provides emission factors and methodology for measuring the emissions of Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP).

ecoinvent is a Swiss not-for-profit association that provides a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database that supports various types of sustainability assessments. This data enables users to gain a deeper understanding of the environmental impacts of their products and services. ecoinvent provides multiple climate impact indicators. We use "IPCC 2007 (superseded), climate change, global warming potential (GWP100)" for AR4 CO2e emisison factor values and "IPCC 2013, climate change, global warming potential (GWP100)" for AR5 values.

The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) is the association that represents all U.S. investor-owned electric companies. EEI has developed a database to support corporate sustainability reporting, especially in calculating scope 2 emissions for specific US electricity suppliers.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the United States government agency that provides regularly updated default emission factors for organisational greenhouse gas reporting in the United States.

Google is a global internet services company. They calculate and publish carbon emissions associated with their operations in their data centres, using hourly grid mix and carbon intensity data from Electricity Maps.

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