Oceania

Circular Ecology offers resource efficiency services, including carbon footprinting, water footprinting, life cycle assessment (LCA), circular economy and general resource efficiency.

ecoinvent is a Swiss not-for-profit association that provides a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database that supports various types of sustainability assessments. This data enables users to gain a deeper understanding of the environmental impacts of their products and services. ecoinvent provides multiple climate impact indicators. We use "IPCC 2007 (superseded), climate change, global warming potential (GWP100)" for AR4 CO2e emisison factor values and "IPCC 2013, climate change, global warming potential (GWP100)" for AR5 values.

Ember is an independent non-profit energy think tank that publishes open electricity emission factors, calculated by combining country-level power generation data with fuel-specific emissions coefficients to estimate total emissions and carbon intensity, as described in its methodology document: https://files.ember-energy.org/public-downloads/ember_electricity_data_methodology.pdf

The International Energy Agency (IEA) provides comprehensive electricity emission factors, which are essential for understanding the carbon footprint of electricity generation across different regions and energy sources. These factors assist governments, businesses, and researchers in measuring the environmental impact of electricity consumption and in developing strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector.