Alkylketene dimer sizing agent - for paper production (alkylketene dimer sizing agent production)

The activity generating the emissions is alkylketene dimer sizing agent production, for paper production. The reference product is alkylketene dimer sizing agent, for paper production. The product alkylketene dimer sizing agent, for paper production, also called AKD sizer, is a sizing agent used in the paper industry. Sizing agents are used for improving the paper resistance to aqueous liquids. Most often used types of sizing agents are natural products in form of modified natural resins (resin size), starch, or modified starch, as well as synthetic products. One of the most widely used synthetic sizing agent is alkyl ketene dimer (AKD). The main advantage of AKD is that only 0.1% (relative to dry stock) of active substance are needed (European Commission (2000)). AKD sizer is synthesized from fatty acids. According to Hubbe (2002) it is most commonly in form of a dispersion - with waxy solid material dispersed as small particles in a solution that contains a stabilizer, i.e. cationic starch. The reference product amount is 1. The cut-off classification is allocatable product. The activity type is ordinary ordinary transforming activity. Please refer to the ecoinvent documentation here for full details: https://ecoquery.ecoinvent.org/3.11/cutoff/dataset/8536/documentation.