Asphalt - 6.5% binder content

Emission intensity of asphalt - 6.5% binder content. Straight run bitumen content by mass. Using ICE DB average aggregates. Cradle to mixed asphalt. Includes asphalt mixing energy (which was estimated based upon MPA sustainable development data but had to be converted to an all 3 scopes emissions factor - the MPA metrics do not include scope 3 emissions) transport of constituents by road to asphalt plant (assumed 250km for bitumen. 27.7 miles for aggregates [Ref: MPA Sustainable Development Report 2018]) and embodied carbon of ingredients. The transport of mixed asphalt to site is not included e.g. cradle to mixed asphalt boundary. Density is for compacted asphalt. Embodied carbon of bitumen from EuroBitume 2012.