Hafnium sponge (market for hafnium sponge)

Emissions generated by the activity within the product supply chain as described in ecoinvent v3.10. The product hafnium sponge is the product of the Kroll process during which the HfCl4 obtained from the zirconium / hafnium separation process is reduced by adding magnesium to hafnium sponge and magnesium chloride. Hafnium is mostly used in the atomic energy industry as a neutron absorber or for the production of nuclear reaction control rods and protection devices. Other applications include the use as cathode in X-ray tube or as an electronic material for the manufacture of photovoltaics. The cut-off classification is allocatable product. The activity type is market activity. The reference product amount is 1.