Austria

Belgium

Germany

Denmark

Finland

United Kingdom

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United States of America (the)

District heating

Australia

Bulgaria

Brazil

Canada

Switzerland

China

Cyprus

Czechia

Estonia

Spain

European Union advanced (Exiobase)

European Union emerging (Exiobase)

Non-European Union advanced (Exiobase)

Non-European Union emerging (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Asia and Pacific (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Europe (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Africa (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World America (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Middle East (Exiobase)

France

Global

Greece

Croatia

Hungary

Indonesia

Ireland

India

Italy

Japan

Korea, Republic of

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Latvia

Malta

Mexico

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russian Federation (the)

Slovenia

Slovakia

Türkiye

Taiwan (Province of China)

South Africa

Steam and hot water supply

Steam and hot water supply services

Steam and hot water supply (market average)

Emission intensity of district heating as reported by UBA. Retrieved from the Emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer Energietrager Report 2024 - table 60.

Emissions from heating based on final energy consumption as published in the report Harmonized Austrian Direct and Indirect GHG Emission Factors for Relevant Energy Sources & Technologies – Table 1. Indirect GHG emissions are based on a LCA and include for example emissions from the construction/operation and maintenance of facilities and equipment for the extraction/processing/transport/storage/conversion and distribution of upstream energy sources and activities related to heat supply

Emission intensity of gross upstream emissions in district heating network, accounting for fuel extraction, processing, and transport. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. It was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (42051.4 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9205.8 GWh).

Emission intensity of upstream emissions from district heating delivered to end users. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The delivered emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (42,051.4 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9205.8 GWh) and by taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.44%).

Emission intensity of upstream emissions from district heating delivered to end users. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The delivered emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (43,040.7 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9285.3 GWh) and by taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.68%).

Emission intensity for district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

District heat and steam

Emission intensity of gross total (upstream and use phase) emissions in district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. It was calculated by dividing the calculated total emissions (116,177.4 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8809.8 GWh).

Emission intensity of gross use phase emissions in district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. It was calculated by dividing the calculated total fuel combustion emissions (97,998.7 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9205.8 GWh).

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2025: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Total emission intensity of district heating - heat network (average). Retrieved from the CSV file "Warmte NL" from CO2 Emissiefactoren 2025.02 providing a standard list of CO2 emission factors.

District heating - heat network

Emissions from heating based on final energy consumption as published in the report Harmonized Austrian Direct and Indirect GHG Emission Factors for Relevant Energy Sources & Technologies – Table 1.

Emission intensity of district heating - heat network (average). Retrieved from the CSV file "Warmte NL" from CO2 Emissiefactoren 2025.02 providing a standard list of CO2 emission factors.

Emission intensity of upstream emissions from district heating delivered to end users. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The delivered emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (41,174.0 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8905.4 GWh) and by taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (12.01%).

Emission intensity of district heating - heat network (average). Retrieved from the excel file CO2 Emissiefactoren 2024 providing a Dutch standard list of CO2 emission factors. For additional information on the application and interpretation of this emission factor please refer to the link: https://co2emissiefactoren.nl/factoren/2024/12/48/warmtelevering-gemiddelde-warmtenetten/

Emission intensity of the average district heating in Denmark. Published by the Danish Energy Agency and retrieved from the Excel file "Hent nøgletal for 1990-2024" sheet: "Nøgletal faktisk" at the source URL. Data quality flag: Partial factor - this EF includes only CO2 values; it does not include values for CH4/N2O and other greenhouse gases.

Emission intensity of gross total (upstream and use phase) emissions in district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. It was calculated by dividing the calculated total emissions (146,808.9 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9661.4 GWh).

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of gross use phase emissions in district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. It was calculated by dividing the calculated total fuel combustion emissions (101,739.5 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9661.4 GWh).

Property	Value
Name	District heat and steam And 6 Other Names District heat and steam District heating District heating (fossil fuel mix) District heating - heat network Purchased heat and steam Steam and Heat
Sector	Energy
Category	Heat and Steam
Source	BEIS, Climatiq, CO2 Emissiefactoren, CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium, Danish Energy Agency, Energiforetagen Sverige, EPA, GHG Protocol, Statistics Finland, UBA, UBA Austria
Region	Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Germany (DE), Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), United Kingdom (GB), Netherlands (NL), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE), United States of America (the) (US)
Year	2026 to 2016
LCA Activity	total, upstream, upstream-transmission_and_distribution, upstream-use_phase, upstream-use_phase-transmission_and_distribution, use_phase, use_phase-transmission_and_distribution, well_to_tank

District heating

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Steam and hot water supply (market average)

Emission Factor Name	Region	Source	Year	Unit
District heating	Germany	UBA	2024	Unit Type
District heating	Austria	UBA Austria	2021	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2021	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2021	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2024	Unit Type
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2022	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2022	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2021	Unit Type
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2025	Unit Type
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2024	Unit Type
District heating	Austria	UBA Austria	2021	Unit Type
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2022	Unit Type
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2025	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2025	Unit Type
District heating - heat network	Netherlands	CO2 Emissiefactoren	2024	Unit Type
District heating	Austria	UBA Austria	2024	Unit Type
District heating	Denmark	Danish Energy Agency	2023	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2023	Unit Type
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2021	Unit Type
District heating	Norway	Climatiq	2023	Unit Type

District heating

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