Austria

Belgium

Germany

United Kingdom

Netherlands

United States of America (the)

District heating - heat network

Australia

Bulgaria

Brazil

Canada

Switzerland

China

Cyprus

Czechia

Denmark

Estonia

Spain

European Union advanced (Exiobase)

European Union emerging (Exiobase)

Non-European Union advanced (Exiobase)

Non-European Union emerging (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Asia and Pacific (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Europe (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Africa (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World America (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Middle East (Exiobase)

Finland

France

Global

Greece

Croatia

Hungary

Indonesia

Ireland

India

Italy

Japan

Korea, Republic of

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Latvia

Malta

Mexico

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russian Federation (the)

Sweden

Slovenia

Slovakia

Türkiye

Taiwan (Province of China)

South Africa

Steam and hot water supply

Steam and hot water supply services

Steam and hot water supply (market average)

Emissions from heating based on final energy consumption as published in the report Harmonized Austrian Direct and Indirect GHG Emission Factors for Relevant Energy Sources & Technologies – Table 1. Indirect GHG emissions are based on a LCA and include for example emissions from the construction/operation and maintenance of facilities and equipment for the extraction/processing/transport/storage/conversion and distribution of upstream energy sources and activities related to heat supply

District heating

Emission intensity for district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

District heat and steam

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2025: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Total emission intensity of district heating - heat network (average). Retrieved from the CSV file "Warmte NL" from CO2 Emissiefactoren 2025.02 providing a standard list of CO2 emission factors.

Emissions from heating based on final energy consumption as published in the report Harmonized Austrian Direct and Indirect GHG Emission Factors for Relevant Energy Sources & Technologies – Table 1.

Emission intensity of district heating - heat network (average). Retrieved from the CSV file "Warmte NL" from CO2 Emissiefactoren 2025.02 providing a standard list of CO2 emission factors.

Emission intensity of district heating - heat network (average). Retrieved from the excel file CO2 Emissiefactoren 2024 providing a Dutch standard list of CO2 emission factors. For additional information on the application and interpretation of this emission factor please refer to the link: https://co2emissiefactoren.nl/factoren/2024/12/48/warmtelevering-gemiddelde-warmtenetten/

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of upstream fuel production of district heating as reported by UBA. Retrieved from Emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer Energieträger Report 2018.

Emission intensity of district heating (fossil-fuel mix) as reported by UBA. Retrieved from Emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer Energieträger Report 2020.

District heating (fossil fuel mix)

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of upstream fuel production of district heating as reported by UBA. Retrieved from the Emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer Energietrager Report 2023 - table 60.

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat and steam. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2023: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of district heating as reported by UBA. Retrieved from Emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer Energieträger Report 2016.

Property	Value
Name	District heat and steam And 6 Other Names District heat and steam District heating District heating (fossil fuel mix) District heating - heat network Purchased heat and steam Steam and Heat
Sector	Energy
Category	Heat and Steam
Source	BEIS, CO2 Emissiefactoren, CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium, EPA, GHG Protocol, UBA, UBA Austria
Region	Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Germany (DE), United Kingdom (GB), Netherlands (NL), United States of America (the) (US)
Unit Type	Energy
Year	2026 to 2016
LCA Activity	total, upstream, upstream-transmission_and_distribution, upstream-use_phase, use_phase, well_to_tank

District heating - heat network

Activity summary

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Related factors

Heat and Steam Emission Factors

Steam and hot water supply

Steam and hot water supply services

Steam and hot water supply (market average)

Emission Factor Name	Region	Source	Year	Unit
District heating	Austria	UBA Austria	2021	Energy
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2022	Energy
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2025	Energy
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2024	Energy
District heating	Austria	UBA Austria	2021	Energy
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2022	Energy
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2025	Energy
District heating - heat network	Netherlands	CO2 Emissiefactoren	2024	Energy
District heating	Austria	UBA Austria	2024	Energy
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2021	Energy
District heating	Germany	UBA	2018	Energy
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2021	Energy
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2021	Energy
District heating (fossil fuel mix)	Germany	UBA	2020	Energy
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2022	Energy
District heating	Germany	UBA	2023	Energy
District heat and steam	United Kingdom	BEIS	2023	Energy
District heating	Germany	UBA	2016	Energy
District heating - heat network	Belgium	CO2 Emissiefactoren Belgium	2022	Energy
District heating	Austria	UBA Austria	2024	Energy