Road surface - asphalt - 4% binder content

Emission intensity of road surface - asphalt - 4% binder content. Surface or binder course at the stated average straight run bitumen content by mass. Cradle to constructed road surface. Using ICE DB average aggregates. Includes embodied carbon of ingredients. Also includes transport of mixed asphalt to site distance 30.2 miles [Ref: Mineral Products Association Sustainable Development Report 2018]. Density is for compacted asphalt. Includes road laying and compacting energy [Ref: TRL report PRP575 (V4) Protocol for the calculation of whole life cycle greenhouse gas emissions generated by asphalt M Wayman et al. 2014.]. Assumed 1% waste during road construction (assumption - specific data was not available). Embodied carbon of bitumen from EuroBitume 2012. The source does not clarify if the kgCO2e value is calculated using the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) or IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) or IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) methodologies.