United Kingdom

Norway

District heating: Distribution losses

Austria

Australia

Belgium

Bulgaria

Brazil

Canada

Switzerland

China

Cyprus

Czechia

Germany

Denmark

Estonia

Spain

European Union advanced (Exiobase)

European Union emerging (Exiobase)

Non-European Union advanced (Exiobase)

Non-European Union emerging (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Asia and Pacific (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Europe (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Africa (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World America (Exiobase)

Rest-of-World Middle East (Exiobase)

Finland

France

Global

Greece

Croatia

Hungary

Indonesia

Ireland

India

Italy

Japan

Korea, Republic of

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Latvia

Malta

Mexico

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russian Federation (the)

Sweden

Slovenia

Slovakia

Türkiye

Taiwan (Province of China)

United States of America (the)

South Africa

Steam and hot water supply

Steam and hot water supply services

Steam and hot water supply (market average)

Emission intensity of total (upstream and use phase) distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross total (upstream and use phase) emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total emissions (140,050.1 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9205.8 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.44%).

Emission intensity of distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross fuel combustion emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total fuel combustion emissions (77,649.51 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8809.8 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (11.27%).

Emission intensity of district heat & steam distribution 5% loss. Transmission and distribution (T&D) factors should be used to report the Scope 3 emissions associated with grid losses (the energy loss that occurs in getting the electricity from the power plant to the organisations that purchase it). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2025: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

District heat & steam distribution 5% loss

Emission intensity of district heat & steam distribution 5% loss. Transmission and distribution (T&D) factors should be used to report the Scope 3 emissions associated with grid losses (the energy loss that occurs in getting the electricity from the power plant to the organisations that purchase it). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2023: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross fuel combustion emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total fuel combustion emissions (97,998.7 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9205.8 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.44%).

Emission intensity of total (upstream and use phase) distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross total (upstream and use phase) emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total emissions (146,808.9 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9661.4 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.65%).

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat & steam distribution 5% loss. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat & steam distribution 5% loss. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2025: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of upstream distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross upstream emission factors for district heating accounting for fuel extraction, processing, and transport. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (41,174.0 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8905.4 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (12.01%).

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat & steam distribution 5% loss. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for Well-to-Tank - district heat & steam distribution 5% loss. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2024: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of upstream distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross upstream emission factors for district heating accounting for fuel extraction, processing, and transport. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (38,527.9 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8809.8 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (11.27%).

Emission intensity of total (upstream and use phase) distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross total (upstream and use phase) emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total emissions (147,736.1 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8905.4 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (12.01%).

Emission intensity of total (upstream and use phase) distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross total (upstream and use phase) emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total emissions (162,856.5 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9285.3 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.68%).

Emission intensity of total (upstream and use phase) distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross total (upstream and use phase) emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total emissions (116,177.4 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8809.8 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (11.27%).

Emission intensity of district heat & steam distribution 5% loss. Transmission and distribution (T&D) factors should be used to report the Scope 3 emissions associated with grid losses (the energy loss that occurs in getting the electricity from the power plant to the organisations that purchase it). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity of upstream distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross upstream emission factors for district heating accounting for fuel extraction, processing, and transport. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (42,051.4 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9205.8 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.44%).

Emission intensity of upstream distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross upstream emission factors for district heating accounting for fuel extraction, processing, and transport. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total upstream emissions (43,040.7 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9285.3 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.68%).

Emission intensity of distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross fuel combustion emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total fuel combustion emissions (106,562.1 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (8905.4 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (12.01%).

Emission intensity of distribution losses in the district heating network. This emission factor was calculated by Climatiq as the difference between the delivered and gross fuel combustion emission factors for district heating. These emission factors were calculated using data from Table 1 of the Norwegian District Heating Climate Accounting Report (Fjernkontrollen) https://www.fjernkontrollen.no/uploaded/files/2020_06_01_klimaregnskap_for_fjernvarme_2020.pdf?utm and Tables 2 and 4 from Statistics Norway, District heating and district cooling https://www.ssb.no/en/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/fjernvarme-og-fjernkjoling. The gross emission factor was calculated by dividing the calculated total fuel combustion emissions (119,815.8 tCO2e) by the reported total gross district heating production (9285.3 GWh). The delivered emission factor was calculated similarly to the gross one but also taking into account the distribution losses percentage in the district heating network (10.68%).

Property	Value
Name	District heat & steam distribution 5% loss And 2 Other Names District heat & steam distribution 5% loss District heating: Distribution losses
Sector	Energy
Category	Heat and Steam
Source	BEIS, Climatiq
Region	United Kingdom (GB), Norway (NO)
Unit Type	Energy
Year	2025 to 2021
LCA Activity	transmission_and_distribution, upstream, upstream-use_phase, well_to_tank

District heating: Distribution losses

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Related factors

Heat and Steam Emission Factors

Steam and hot water supply

Steam and hot water supply services

Steam and hot water supply (market average)

Emission Factor Name	Region	Source	Year	Unit
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2021	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2022	Energy
District heat & steam distribution 5% loss	United Kingdom	BEIS	2025	Energy
District heat & steam distribution 5% loss	United Kingdom	BEIS	2023	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2021	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2023	Energy
District heat & steam distribution 5% loss	United Kingdom	BEIS	2021	Energy
District heat & steam distribution 5% loss	United Kingdom	BEIS	2025	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2025	Energy
District heat & steam distribution 5% loss	United Kingdom	BEIS	2022	Energy
District heat & steam distribution 5% loss	United Kingdom	BEIS	2024	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2022	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2025	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2024	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2022	Energy
District heat & steam distribution 5% loss	United Kingdom	BEIS	2021	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2021	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2024	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2025	Energy
District heating: Distribution losses	Norway	Climatiq	2024	Energy