South Africa

Hard coal ash (cement production CEM II/B-V)

Albania

Austria

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Quebec, CA

Switzerland

Cyprus

Czechia

Germany

Denmark

Estonia

Spain

Finland

France

United Kingdom

Greece

Croatia

Hungary

Ireland

India

Iceland

Italy

Japan

Korea, Republic of

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Latvia

Montenegro

North Macedonia

Malta

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Rest-of-World

Serbia

Russian Federation (the)

Sweden

Slovenia

Slovakia

Türkiye

Taiwan (Province of China)

Kosovo

Municipal solid waste (market for municipal solid waste)

Brazil

Colombia

Peru

Waste glass (market for waste glass)

Waste graphical paper (market for waste graphical paper)

Emissions generated by the activity within the product supply chain as described in ecoinvent v3.10. The product 'hard coal ash' is a solid waste under the category of industrial wastes. It is primarily generated in heat and elrctricity production but it is also generated in a wide range of activities in different sectors like chemicals production minerals extraction etc. 'hard coal ash' contain the following fractions: 100% ash from combustion of hard coal. By the database default (and per unit of reference product),'hard coal ash' has 0% water on wet mass basis (100% dry matter) and it has no Carbon content. It has no heating value. This kind of by-product (recyclable or waste) is generated from ordinary transforming activities and as such can be considered for modelling waste outputs of comparable composition.  In the ecoinvent database treatment option/s for this by-product include: deposition (sanitary landfill residual material landfill) thermal (municipal incineration). Based on the aforementioned treatments this by-product receives it can be both a hazardous and a non-hazardous waste. In addition this by-product is used in the following processes: autoclaved aerated concrete block production; cement production alternative constituents 21-35%; cement production alternative constituents 45%; cement production alternative constituents 6-20%; cement production blast furnace slag 18-30% and 18-30% other alternative constituents; cement production blast furnace slag 31-50% and 31-50% other alternative constituents; cement production fly ash 21-35%; cement production fly ash 6-20%; cement production limestone 21-35%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 11-35%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 15-40%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 15-50%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 25-35%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 36-55%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 5-15%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 6-14%; cement production sulphate resistant; clinker production; concrete production 25MPa ready-mix exposure class XC1; concrete production 25MPa ready-mix exposure class XC2; concrete production 30MPa ready-mix exposure class XC3; concrete production 30MPa ready-mix exposure classes XC3/XD2/XF1/XA1; flyash brick production.  This by-product can be modelled on two levels: treatment activity and market activity. The former one refers to the specific technology treating the by-product while the latter level represents a mix of treatments. Users are encouraged to inspect the modelling assumptions of the treatment activities and when selecting the market to additionally inspect the treatment mix.  Collection and transportation of this by-product is accounted in the respective market activity users are advised to inspect and modify the average transportation distances for a case specific modelling.  The cut-off classification is Waste. The activity type is ordinary transforming activity. The reference product amount is -1.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Aggregates waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling)

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2023: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2024: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Aggregates waste disposal (landfill)

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2023: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2024: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to open-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Aggregates waste disposal (to open-loop recycling)

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to open-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to open-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2023: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for aggregates waste disposal (to open-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2024: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for asbestos waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Asbestos waste disposal (landfill)

Emission intensity for asbestos waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for asbestos waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2023: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for asbestos waste disposal - landfill. Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2024: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for asphalt waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2021: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Asphalt waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling)

Emission intensity for asphalt waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2022: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Emission intensity for asphalt waste disposal (to closed-loop recycling). Retrieved from the Conversion Factors 2023: flat file published by the UK BEIS/Defra at the source URL.

Property	Value
Name	Hard coal ash (cement production CEM II/B-V)
Sector	Waste
Category	Waste Product
Source	ecoinvent
Region	South Africa (ZA)
Unit Type	Weight
Year	2017
LCA Activity	unknown

Hard coal ash (cement production CEM II/B-V)

Activity summary

API Reference

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Related factors

Waste Product Emission Factors

Municipal solid waste (market for municipal solid waste)

Waste glass (market for waste glass)

Waste graphical paper (market for waste graphical paper)